{"id":6581,"date":"2026-09-30T20:30:25","date_gmt":"2026-09-30T18:30:25","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/lesminis.fr\/blog\/?p=6581"},"modified":"2026-09-30T20:34:48","modified_gmt":"2026-09-30T18:34:48","slug":"manchot-papou-kerguelen-espece","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/lesminis.fr\/blog\/manchot-papou-kerguelen-espece\/","title":{"rendered":"Pygoscelis kerguelensis : un nouveau manchot reconnu aux \u00eeles Kerguelen"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Sur les plages des \u00eeles Kerguelen, dans le sud de l&rsquo;oc\u00e9an Indien, des manchots papous nichent au milieu des touffes d&rsquo;herbe depuis bien avant l&rsquo;arriv\u00e9e des premiers navigateurs. Les \u00e9quipes scientifiques fran\u00e7aises qui travaillent sur l&rsquo;archipel les connaissent bien. Une \u00e9tude publi\u00e9e en avril 2026 leur attribue un nom officiel : <em>Pygoscelis kerguelensis<\/em>, le manchot papou du Sud-Est, reconnu comme une esp\u00e8ce \u00e0 part enti\u00e8re. Les Kerguelen faisant partie des Terres australes et antarctiques fran\u00e7aises, il s&rsquo;agit donc d&rsquo;une esp\u00e8ce fran\u00e7aise.<\/p>\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_87_1 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/lesminis.fr\/blog\/manchot-papou-kerguelen-espece\/#Un_seul_manchot_papou_devenu_quatre\" >Un seul manchot papou devenu quatre<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/lesminis.fr\/blog\/manchot-papou-kerguelen-espece\/#Des_especes_que_loeil_ne_sait_pas_distinguer\" >Des esp\u00e8ces que l&rsquo;\u0153il ne sait pas distinguer<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/lesminis.fr\/blog\/manchot-papou-kerguelen-espece\/#Une_idee_deja_dans_lair\" >Une id\u00e9e d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l&rsquo;air<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/lesminis.fr\/blog\/manchot-papou-kerguelen-espece\/#Ce_que_cette_distinction_change_pour_leur_protection\" >Ce que cette distinction change pour leur protection<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/lesminis.fr\/blog\/manchot-papou-kerguelen-espece\/#Une_espece_qui_ne_se_voit_pas\" >Une esp\u00e8ce qui ne se voit pas<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Un_seul_manchot_papou_devenu_quatre\"><\/span>Un seul manchot papou devenu quatre<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Le manchot papou se reconna\u00eet \u00e0 sa tache blanche au-dessus de l&rsquo;\u0153il et \u00e0 son bec d&rsquo;un orange \u00e9clatant. Longtemps consid\u00e9r\u00e9 comme une esp\u00e8ce unique, il \u00e9tait r\u00e9pertori\u00e9 des Malouines jusqu&rsquo;\u00e0 la p\u00e9ninsule Antarctique. Les ornithologues y distinguaient au plus deux formes : l&rsquo;une subantarctique, l&rsquo;autre antarctique, l\u00e9g\u00e8rement plus petite.<\/p>\n<p>Les travaux men\u00e9s par Daly Noll, de l&rsquo;universit\u00e9 du Chili, et Juliana Vianna, de l&rsquo;universit\u00e9 Andr\u00e9s Bello \u00e0 Santiago, ont port\u00e9 sur le s\u00e9quen\u00e7age complet du g\u00e9nome de 64 manchots issus de 10 colonies diff\u00e9rentes. Publi\u00e9s dans <em>Communications Biology<\/em>, ces r\u00e9sultats r\u00e9v\u00e8lent quatre groupes g\u00e9n\u00e9tiquement distincts, s\u00e9par\u00e9s les uns des autres depuis plusieurs centaines de milliers d&rsquo;ann\u00e9es \u2014 ce qui am\u00e8ne les chercheurs \u00e0 les consid\u00e9rer comme quatre esp\u00e8ces \u00e0 part enti\u00e8re.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Nom scientifique<\/th>\n<th>Nom propos\u00e9<\/th>\n<th>O\u00f9 il vit<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><em>Pygoscelis papua<\/em><\/td>\n<td>Manchot papou du Nord<\/td>\n<td>\u00celes Malouines, pointe de l&rsquo;Am\u00e9rique du Sud<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><em>Pygoscelis ellsworthi<\/em><\/td>\n<td>Manchot papou du Sud<\/td>\n<td>P\u00e9ninsule Antarctique, G\u00e9orgie du Sud<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><em>Pygoscelis taeniata<\/em><\/td>\n<td>Manchot papou de l&rsquo;Est<\/td>\n<td>\u00celes Crozet, Marion, Macquarie<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><em>Pygoscelis kerguelensis<\/em><\/td>\n<td>Manchot papou du Sud-Est<\/td>\n<td>\u00celes Kerguelen et Heard<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Des_especes_que_loeil_ne_sait_pas_distinguer\"><\/span>Des esp\u00e8ces que l&rsquo;\u0153il ne sait pas distinguer<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Un visiteur des Kerguelen et un visiteur des Malouines croiraient observer le m\u00eame oiseau. Les biologistes d\u00e9signent ce ph\u00e9nom\u00e8ne sous le nom d&rsquo;esp\u00e8ces cryptiques : g\u00e9n\u00e9tiquement et historiquement distinctes, mais quasi identiques en apparence.<\/p>\n<p>Des diff\u00e9rences existent malgr\u00e9 tout. Les manchots vivant au nord du front polaire \u2014 cette fronti\u00e8re oc\u00e9anique o\u00f9 les eaux antarctiques s&rsquo;enfoncent sous des eaux plus temp\u00e9r\u00e9es \u2014 sont en moyenne plus grands. Leurs cris varient l\u00e9g\u00e8rement d&rsquo;une lign\u00e9e \u00e0 l&rsquo;autre, tout comme leurs saisons de reproduction, cal\u00e9es sur le pic d&rsquo;abondance alimentaire propre \u00e0 chaque r\u00e9gion. Dans le g\u00e9nome, les chercheurs ont identifi\u00e9 des g\u00e8nes li\u00e9s \u00e0 la production de chaleur chez les manchots du Sud, au transport de l&rsquo;oxyg\u00e8ne en plong\u00e9e chez ceux de l&rsquo;Est, et \u00e0 la digestion chez ceux du Nord.<\/p>\n<p>Comment ces populations ont-elles pu se s\u00e9parer ? Le manchot papou ne vole pas et revient presque syst\u00e9matiquement pondre l\u00e0 o\u00f9 il est n\u00e9. Entre les Malouines et les Kerguelen, plus de 7 000 kilom\u00e8tres d&rsquo;oc\u00e9an et plusieurs fronts marins dressent une barri\u00e8re naturelle. G\u00e9n\u00e9ration apr\u00e8s g\u00e9n\u00e9ration, cette fid\u00e9lit\u00e9 au lieu de naissance a progressivement isol\u00e9 les lign\u00e9es les unes des autres.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Une_idee_deja_dans_lair\"><\/span>Une id\u00e9e d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l&rsquo;air<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>En 2020, Josh Tyler et son \u00e9quipe avaient d\u00e9j\u00e0 identifi\u00e9 quatre esp\u00e8ces de manchots papous, \u00e0 partir de mesures morphologiques et d&rsquo;analyses g\u00e9n\u00e9tiques. Le d\u00e9coupage propos\u00e9 \u00e0 l&rsquo;\u00e9poque diff\u00e9rait pourtant de celui qu&rsquo;on conna\u00eet aujourd&rsquo;hui : les Kerguelen \u00e9taient alors associ\u00e9es aux Crozet, et la G\u00e9orgie du Sud constituait un groupe \u00e0 part. Les s\u00e9quen\u00e7ages de g\u00e9nomes complets r\u00e9alis\u00e9s en 2026 ont depuis rebattu les cartes. Toutes les grandes listes de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence n&rsquo;ont pas encore adopt\u00e9 cette nouvelle classification.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Ce_que_cette_distinction_change_pour_leur_protection\"><\/span>Ce que cette distinction change pour leur protection<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>L&rsquo;UICN continue de traiter le manchot papou comme une esp\u00e8ce unique, class\u00e9e en \u00ab pr\u00e9occupation mineure \u00bb. Mais d\u00e8s qu&rsquo;on la divise en quatre, le portrait devient bien moins rassurant : le manchot papou du Sud concentre environ 65 % des effectifs mondiaux, tandis que celui de l&rsquo;Est n&rsquo;en repr\u00e9sente que 2 %. D&rsquo;ici 2050, les chercheurs anticipent une r\u00e9duction significative de l&rsquo;habitat favorable pour les esp\u00e8ces du Nord, de l&rsquo;Est et du Sud-Est. Une esp\u00e8ce rare peut s&rsquo;effacer discr\u00e8tement quand on la noie dans les chiffres d&rsquo;une cousine bien plus nombreuse.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Une_espece_qui_ne_se_voit_pas\"><\/span>Une esp\u00e8ce qui ne se voit pas<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Placez une <a href=\"https:\/\/lesminis.fr\/figurine-manchot-papou-collecta-88589\/6329.html\">figurine de manchot papou<\/a> sur une carte de l&rsquo;oc\u00e9an Austral et demandez \u00e0 un enfant o\u00f9 cet oiseau pourrait vivre. Malouines, Kerguelen, Antarctique : les quatre r\u00e9ponses sont correctes, et c&rsquo;est l\u00e0 que la conversation prend tout son int\u00e9r\u00eat. Ces manchots se ressemblent \u00e0 s&rsquo;y m\u00e9prendre \u2014 alors comment sait-on qu&rsquo;ils appartiennent \u00e0 quatre esp\u00e8ces distinctes ? La r\u00e9ponse se cache dans leurs g\u00e8nes, leurs cris et leur cycle de vie, pas dans leur plumage.<\/p>\n<p>Notre <a href=\"https:\/\/lesminis.fr\/blog\/decouverte-manchot-papou-fiche\/\">fiche p\u00e9dagogique sur le manchot papou<\/a> vient compl\u00e9ter l&rsquo;activit\u00e9, et la <a href=\"https:\/\/lesminis.fr\/figurine-manchot-papou-mojo-387184\/5023.html\">version Mojo<\/a> rejoint les autres oiseaux du rayon <a href=\"https:\/\/lesminis.fr\/1121-figurines-manchots-oiseaux-antarctiques\">manchots et oiseaux de l&rsquo;Antarctique<\/a>. Si vous h\u00e9sitez encore entre manchot et pingouin, notre article sur <a href=\"https:\/\/lesminis.fr\/blog\/le-grand-pingouin-oiseau-disparu\/\">le grand pingouin<\/a> vous \u00e9clairera sur tout \u00e7a.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Sources :<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Noll, D. et al. (2026). Integrative evidence reveals adaptive divergence and speciation in gentoo penguins. <em>Communications Biology<\/em>.<\/li>\n<li>Tyler, J. et al. (2020). Morphometric and genetic evidence for four species of gentoo penguin. <em>Ecology and Evolution<\/em>, 10.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Sur les plages des \u00eeles Kerguelen, dans le sud de l&rsquo;oc\u00e9an Indien, des manchots papous nichent au milieu des touffes d&rsquo;herbe depuis bien avant l&rsquo;arriv\u00e9e des premiers navigateurs. Les \u00e9quipes scientifiques fran\u00e7aises qui travaillent sur l&rsquo;archipel les connaissent bien. Une \u00e9tude publi\u00e9e en avril 2026 leur attribue un nom officiel : Pygoscelis kerguelensis, le manchot [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":6583,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[28],"tags":[217,2729,2728,834,254],"class_list":["post-6581","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","category-monde-animal-figurines","tag-antarctique","tag-especes-cryptiques","tag-kerguelen","tag-manchot-papou","tag-oiseaux"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v28.4 (Yoast SEO v28.6) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Manchot papou des Kerguelen : une esp\u00e8ce \u00e0 part enti\u00e8re<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Les manchots papous des Kerguelen forment une esp\u00e8ce distincte : ce qu&#039;a montr\u00e9 l&#039;\u00e9tude g\u00e9n\u00e9tique de 2026, et pourquoi elle compte pour leur protection.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/lesminis.fr\/blog\/manchot-papou-kerguelen-espece\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Pygoscelis kerguelensis : un nouveau manchot reconnu aux \u00eeles Kerguelen\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Les manchots papous des Kerguelen forment une esp\u00e8ce distincte : ce qu&#039;a montr\u00e9 l&#039;\u00e9tude g\u00e9n\u00e9tique de 2026, et pourquoi elle compte pour leur protection.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/lesminis.fr\/blog\/manchot-papou-kerguelen-espece\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"LesMinis Le Blog - 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