{"id":3154,"date":"2026-03-06T14:02:30","date_gmt":"2026-03-06T13:02:30","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/lesminis.fr\/blog\/?p=3154"},"modified":"2026-03-06T14:02:30","modified_gmt":"2026-03-06T13:02:30","slug":"mary-jackson-premiere-ingenieure-noire-nasa-histoire","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/lesminis.fr\/blog\/mary-jackson-premiere-ingenieure-noire-nasa-histoire\/","title":{"rendered":"Mary Jackson. Elle voulait \u00eatre ing\u00e9nieure \u00e0 la NASA. Elle a d\u00fb demander la permission d\u2019aller en classe."},"content":{"rendered":"<p>En <strong>1958<\/strong>, Mary Jackson devient la premi\u00e8re ing\u00e9nieure noire de la NASA. Pour y arriver depuis son poste de calculatrice, elle a suivi des cours du soir de math\u00e9matiques et de physique dans un lyc\u00e9e. Mais ce lyc\u00e9e \u00e9tait r\u00e9serv\u00e9 aux Blancs. Elle a d\u00fb s\u2019adresser aux autorit\u00e9s de la ville de Hampton pour obtenir la permission d\u2019y entrer. La demande a \u00e9t\u00e9 accept\u00e9e.<\/p>\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_83 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/lesminis.fr\/blog\/mary-jackson-premiere-ingenieure-noire-nasa-histoire\/#Hampton_Virginie_9_avril_1921\" >Hampton, Virginie. 9 avril 1921.<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/lesminis.fr\/blog\/mary-jackson-premiere-ingenieure-noire-nasa-histoire\/#1951_West_Area_Computers\" >1951 : West Area Computers<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/lesminis.fr\/blog\/mary-jackson-premiere-ingenieure-noire-nasa-histoire\/#1953_la_soufflerie_supersonique\" >1953 : la soufflerie supersonique<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/lesminis.fr\/blog\/mary-jackson-premiere-ingenieure-noire-nasa-histoire\/#1958_premiere_ingenieure_noire_de_la_NASA\" >1958 : premi\u00e8re ing\u00e9nieure noire de la NASA<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/lesminis.fr\/blog\/mary-jackson-premiere-ingenieure-noire-nasa-histoire\/#Le_choix_de_1979\" >Le choix de 1979<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/lesminis.fr\/blog\/mary-jackson-premiere-ingenieure-noire-nasa-histoire\/#Les_Hidden_Figures\" >Les Hidden Figures<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Hampton_Virginie_9_avril_1921\"><\/span>Hampton, Virginie. 9 avril 1921.<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Mary Winston na\u00eet le <strong>9 avril 1921<\/strong> \u00e0 Hampton, en Virginie. Elle grandit dans cette ville du sud des \u00c9tats-Unis, en pleine s\u00e9gr\u00e9gation raciale. Les lois de s\u00e9gr\u00e9gation imposent des espaces s\u00e9par\u00e9s pour les Noirs et les Blancs : \u00e9coles, transports, toilettes publiques, restaurants.<\/p>\n<p>Elle fr\u00e9quente le lyc\u00e9e <strong>George P. Phenix<\/strong>, un \u00e9tablissement r\u00e9serv\u00e9 aux \u00e9l\u00e8ves noirs. Elle en sort avec les <strong>plus hautes distinctions<\/strong>. En <strong>1942<\/strong>, \u00e0 21 ans, elle obtient un double dipl\u00f4me en <strong>math\u00e9matiques et sciences physiques<\/strong> \u00e0 l\u2019<strong>Hampton University<\/strong>, une universit\u00e9 priv\u00e9e historiquement noire de sa ville natale.<\/p>\n<p>Elle enseigne ensuite les math\u00e9matiques dans une \u00e9cole du comt\u00e9 de Calvert, dans le Maryland, pendant un an, avant de retourner \u00e0 Hampton. Elle \u00e9pouse Levi Jackson, avec qui elle aura deux enfants.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"1951_West_Area_Computers\"><\/span>1951 : West Area Computers<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>En <strong>1951<\/strong>, Mary Jackson est recrut\u00e9e par le <strong>NACA<\/strong>, le Comit\u00e9 consultatif national de l\u2019a\u00e9ronautique, pr\u00e9d\u00e9cesseur de la NASA. Elle entre au <strong>West Area Computing<\/strong> du Centre de recherche Langley, \u00e0 Hampton.<\/p>\n<p>Cette unit\u00e9 est compos\u00e9e exclusivement de math\u00e9maticiennes afro-am\u00e9ricaines. On les appelle les <strong>West Computers<\/strong>. Leur r\u00f4le : r\u00e9aliser les calculs complexes que les ordinateurs m\u00e9caniques de l\u2019\u00e9poque ne peuvent pas traiter. Elles sont les cerveaux humains derri\u00e8re les donn\u00e9es de l\u2019a\u00e9ronautique am\u00e9ricaine. Leur responsable est <strong>Dorothy Vaughan<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p>Au NACA, la s\u00e9gr\u00e9gation s\u2019applique : les employ\u00e9s noirs ont des toilettes s\u00e9par\u00e9es, des r\u00e9fectoires s\u00e9par\u00e9s, des espaces de travail s\u00e9par\u00e9s. Les West Computers travaillent pour des projets dont d\u00e9pend le programme spatial am\u00e9ricain. Et elles ne peuvent pas d\u00e9jeuner avec leurs coll\u00e8gues blancs.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"1953_la_soufflerie_supersonique\"><\/span>1953 : la soufflerie supersonique<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>En <strong>1953<\/strong>, l\u2019ing\u00e9nieur <strong>Kazimierz Czarnecki<\/strong> propose \u00e0 Mary Jackson de rejoindre son \u00e9quipe au d\u00e9partement de recherche sur la compressibilit\u00e9. Ils travaillent ensemble sur la <strong>soufflerie supersonique<\/strong> de 4 pieds sur 4, une installation capable de g\u00e9n\u00e9rer des vents \u00e0 pr\u00e8s du double de la vitesse du son, soit environ 60 000 chevaux-vapeur.<\/p>\n<p>Czarnecki est impressionn\u00e9 par son travail. Il l\u2019encourage \u00e0 suivre les formations n\u00e9cessaires pour \u00eatre promue au grade d\u2019ing\u00e9nieure. Ces formations existent : des cours du soir de math\u00e9matiques et de physique de niveau avanc\u00e9, propos\u00e9s par l\u2019<strong>Universit\u00e9 de Virginie<\/strong>, dans les locaux du <strong>Hampton High School<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p>Probl\u00e8me : Hampton High School est un \u00e9tablissement r\u00e9serv\u00e9 aux Blancs.<\/p>\n<p>Mary Jackson s\u2019adresse \u00e0 la <strong>ville de Hampton<\/strong> pour obtenir une autorisation sp\u00e9ciale d\u2019acc\u00e8s. L\u2019autorisation est accord\u00e9e. Elle suit les cours. Elle r\u00e9ussit la formation.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"1958_premiere_ingenieure_noire_de_la_NASA\"><\/span>1958 : premi\u00e8re ing\u00e9nieure noire de la NASA<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>En <strong>1958<\/strong>, la NACA devient la <strong>NASA<\/strong>. La m\u00eame ann\u00e9e, Mary Jackson est promue au grade d\u2019<strong>ing\u00e9nieure en a\u00e9rospatiale<\/strong>. Elle est la <strong>premi\u00e8re femme noire \u00e0 occuper ce poste dans l\u2019histoire de l\u2019agence<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p>La m\u00eame ann\u00e9e, elle publie avec Czarnecki les r\u00e9sultats de leurs recherches : <em>Effects of Nose Angle and Mach Number on Transition on Cones at Supersonic Speeds<\/em> (NACA Technical Note 4388). Ce rapport analyse les conditions dans lesquelles l\u2019\u00e9coulement autour d\u2019un c\u00f4ne passe d\u2019un r\u00e9gime laminaire \u00e0 turbulent \u00e0 des vitesses supersoniques.<\/p>\n<p>Elle travaillera pendant vingt ans comme ing\u00e9nieure dans plusieurs divisions de la NASA : la <strong>Compressibility Research Division<\/strong>, la <strong>High-Speed Aerodynamics Division<\/strong>, la <strong>Subsonic-Transonic Aerodynamics Division<\/strong>. Elle analyse les donn\u00e9es d\u2019exp\u00e9riences de soufflerie et de vols r\u00e9els pour comprendre les flux d\u2019air, la portance et la tra\u00een\u00e9e autour des a\u00e9ronefs. Elle r\u00e9digera au total <strong>12 articles techniques<\/strong> pour le NACA et la NASA.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Le_choix_de_1979\"><\/span>Le choix de 1979<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>En <strong>1979<\/strong>, Mary Jackson atteint le grade d\u2019ing\u00e9nieure le plus \u00e9lev\u00e9 accessible sans devenir encadrante. Pour progresser davantage, il faudrait acc\u00e9der \u00e0 un poste de direction. Ces postes lui sont refus\u00e9s.<\/p>\n<p>Elle prend une d\u00e9cision inhabituelle : elle accepte une <strong>r\u00e9trogradation de grade<\/strong> pour devenir directrice du <strong>programme f\u00e9d\u00e9ral pour les femmes<\/strong> au sein du Bureau des programmes d\u2019\u00e9galit\u00e9 des chances de la NASA, et gestionnaire du programme d\u2019action positive.<\/p>\n<p>Dans ce r\u00f4le, elle travaille \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer les pratiques d\u2019embauche et de promotion des femmes et des minorit\u00e9s \u00e0 la NASA. Elle conseille les employ\u00e9es sur les formations \u00e0 suivre pour progresser, comme elle l\u2019avait fait elle-m\u00eame vingt-cinq ans plus t\u00f4t.<\/p>\n<p>Elle prend sa retraite en <strong>1985<\/strong>, apr\u00e8s <strong>34 ans<\/strong> \u00e0 la NASA.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Les_Hidden_Figures\"><\/span>Les Hidden Figures<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Pendant des d\u00e9cennies, le r\u00f4le de Mary Jackson et des autres West Computers dans le programme spatial am\u00e9ricain reste largement m\u00e9connu du grand public. En <strong>2016<\/strong>, la journaliste et historienne <strong>Margot Lee Shetterly<\/strong> publie <em>Hidden Figures<\/em>, un ouvrage docum\u00e9nt\u00e9 sur l\u2019histoire de ces math\u00e9maticiennes noires. Le film \u00e9ponyme sort la m\u00eame ann\u00e9e.<\/p>\n<p>En <strong>2019<\/strong>, le Congr\u00e8s am\u00e9ricain vote le <em>Hidden Figures Congressional Gold Medal Act<\/em>. Mary Jackson re\u00e7oit \u00e0 titre posthume la <strong>m\u00e9daille d\u2019or du Congr\u00e8s<\/strong>, la plus haute distinction civile am\u00e9ricaine, avec Dorothy Vaughan, Katherine Johnson et Christine Darden. Le 11 ao\u00fbt 2019, la remise a lieu.<\/p>\n<p>En <strong>2021<\/strong>, le si\u00e8ge central de la NASA \u00e0 Washington D.C. est renomm\u00e9 officiellement le <strong>Mary W. Jackson NASA Headquarters<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p>Mary Jackson est morte le <strong>11 f\u00e9vrier 2005<\/strong> \u00e0 Hampton, en Virginie, \u00e0 83 ans. La ville o\u00f9 elle est n\u00e9e, o\u00f9 elle a fait ses \u00e9tudes, o\u00f9 elle a pass\u00e9 toute sa carri\u00e8re.<\/p>\n<p><em>Elle n\u2019a pas demand\u00e9 \u00e0 changer le syst\u00e8me. Elle a demand\u00e9 la permission d\u2019aller en classe. Et une fois \u00e0 l\u2019int\u00e9rieur, elle a travaill\u00e9 pendant trente-quatre ans \u00e0 ouvrir la porte aux autres.<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>En 1951, Mary Jackson entre a la NASA comme calculatrice humaine.<br \/>\nEn 1958, elle devient la premi\u00e8re ing\u00e9nieur noire de l agence.<br \/>\nEntre les deux : une demande au tribunal pour avoir le droit<br \/>\nD\u2019assister \u00e0 des cours r\u00e9serv\u00e9s aux Blancs.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":6180,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1600],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3154","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","category-actualites-culture-et-curiosites"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.6 (Yoast SEO v27.6) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Mary Jackson : l&#039;ing\u00e9nieur que la NASA refusait de former<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Mary Jackson est devenue en 1958 la premi\u00e8re ing\u00e9nieur noire de la NASA. 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