{"id":3140,"date":"2024-03-08T08:00:25","date_gmt":"2024-03-08T07:00:25","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/lesminis.fr\/blog\/?p=3140"},"modified":"2026-03-06T16:40:06","modified_gmt":"2026-03-06T15:40:06","slug":"madeleine-bres-premiere-femme-medecin-france","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/lesminis.fr\/blog\/madeleine-bres-premiere-femme-medecin-france\/","title":{"rendered":"Madeleine Br\u00e8s : Premi\u00e8re Femme M\u00e9decin en France"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>En <strong>1875<\/strong>, une femme de 32 ans soutient sa th\u00e8se de doctorat en m\u00e9decine \u00e0 Paris. Elle s\u2019appelle <strong>Madeleine Br\u00e8s<\/strong>. Elle est la <strong>premi\u00e8re femme de nationalit\u00e9 fran\u00e7aise<\/strong> \u00e0 obtenir un dipl\u00f4me de docteur en m\u00e9decine. Voici comment elle y est arriv\u00e9e.<\/p>\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_82_2 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/lesminis.fr\/blog\/madeleine-bres-premiere-femme-medecin-france\/#Une_enfance_a_lhopital_de_Nimes\" >Une enfance \u00e0 l\u2019h\u00f4pital de N\u00eemes<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/lesminis.fr\/blog\/madeleine-bres-premiere-femme-medecin-france\/#Devenir_bacheliere_quand_les_lycees_de_filles_nexistent_pas_encore\" >Devenir bacheli\u00e8re quand les lyc\u00e9es de filles n\u2019existent pas encore<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/lesminis.fr\/blog\/madeleine-bres-premiere-femme-medecin-france\/#Linscription_qui_passe_par_le_conseil_des_ministres\" >L\u2019inscription qui passe par le conseil des ministres<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/lesminis.fr\/blog\/madeleine-bres-premiere-femme-medecin-france\/#Stagiaire_Mais_pas_interne\" >Stagiaire. Mais pas interne.<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/lesminis.fr\/blog\/madeleine-bres-premiere-femme-medecin-france\/#La_these_du_3_juin_1875\" >La th\u00e8se du 3 juin 1875<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/lesminis.fr\/blog\/madeleine-bres-premiere-femme-medecin-france\/#Un_cabinet_une_revue_une_creche\" >Un cabinet, une revue, une cr\u00e8che<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/lesminis.fr\/blog\/madeleine-bres-premiere-femme-medecin-france\/#Une_fin_de_vie_dans_la_misere\" >Une fin de vie dans la mis\u00e8re<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/lesminis.fr\/blog\/madeleine-bres-premiere-femme-medecin-france\/#Ce_quelle_a_vraiment_ouvert\" >Ce qu\u2019elle a vraiment ouvert<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Une_enfance_a_lhopital_de_Nimes\"><\/span>Une enfance \u00e0 l\u2019h\u00f4pital de N\u00eemes<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Madeleine Gebelin na\u00eet le <strong>25 novembre 1842<\/strong> \u00e0 Bouillargues, dans le Gard. Son p\u00e8re est charron : il fabrique et r\u00e9pare les v\u00e9hicules \u00e0 roues. Il travaille notamment pour les religieuses de l\u2019h\u00f4pital de N\u00eemes, et emm\u00e8ne parfois sa fille avec lui.<\/p>\n<p>Madeleine a 8 ans. Elle observe les infirmi\u00e8res pr\u00e9parer les tisanes, confectionner les cataplasmes, donner les rem\u00e8des. Une des religieuses la prend en affection et lui apprend quelques gestes de soin. C\u2019est l\u00e0 qu\u2019elle raconte plus tard, dans un article de la revue <em>La Chronique m\u00e9dicale<\/em> en 1895, qu\u2019elle a compris qu\u2019elle voulait soigner.<\/p>\n<p>\u00c0 12 ans, la famille part pour Paris. \u00c0 <strong>15 ans<\/strong>, elle se marie avec Adrien-St\u00e9phane Br\u00e8s, conducteur d\u2019omnibus. Elle aura trois enfants.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Devenir_bacheliere_quand_les_lycees_de_filles_nexistent_pas_encore\"><\/span>Devenir bacheli\u00e8re quand les lyc\u00e9es de filles n\u2019existent pas encore<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Au XIXe si\u00e8cle, il n\u2019existait pas de loi interdisant formellement aux femmes d\u2019\u00e9tudier la m\u00e9decine. Mais il n\u2019existait pas non plus de fili\u00e8res pour les y mener. Les lyc\u00e9es de filles n\u2019ont \u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9s qu\u2019en 1880. Avant \u00e7a, les jeunes filles recevaient une instruction \u00e0 vocation domestique qui ne pr\u00e9parait pas aux examens universitaires.<\/p>\n<p>En <strong>1866<\/strong>, Madeleine se pr\u00e9sente au doyen de la Facult\u00e9 de m\u00e9decine de Paris, le professeur <strong>Charles-Adolphe Wurtz<\/strong>, chimiste reconnu, favorable \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9ducation des femmes. Il lui indique la condition pr\u00e9alable : obtenir les deux baccalaur\u00e9ats, lettres et sciences.<\/p>\n<p>Elle les obtient tous les deux en <strong>1868<\/strong>. Elle a 25 ans, trois enfants, et aucun lyc\u00e9e ne l\u2019avait pr\u00e9par\u00e9e \u00e0 \u00e7a. Pour passer ces examens, elle doit avoir l\u2019autorisation \u00e9crite de son mari : la loi fran\u00e7aise exige \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9poque le consentement du mari pour tout acte juridique d\u2019une femme mari\u00e9e.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Linscription_qui_passe_par_le_conseil_des_ministres\"><\/span>L\u2019inscription qui passe par le conseil des ministres<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Sa demande d\u2019inscription \u00e0 la facult\u00e9 est tellement in\u00e9dite qu\u2019elle remonte jusqu\u2019au sommet de l\u2019\u00c9tat. Le ministre de l\u2019Instruction publique <strong>Victor Duruy<\/strong>, partisan de l\u2019\u00e9ducation des jeunes filles, la soutient. Le dossier est soumis au conseil des ministres, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 ce jour-l\u00e0 par <strong>l\u2019imp\u00e9ratrice Eug\u00e9nie<\/strong>. Celle-ci invoque la loi du 19 vent\u00f4se an XI sur la libert\u00e9 du travail. L\u2019inscription est accord\u00e9e par d\u00e9lib\u00e9ration du conseil des ministres.<\/p>\n<p>Madeleine Br\u00e8s entre \u00e0 la facult\u00e9 en <strong>1868<\/strong>. Elle est la premi\u00e8re femme de nationalit\u00e9 fran\u00e7aise \u00e0 y \u00eatre admise. Elle n\u2019est pas la premi\u00e8re femme tout court : des \u00e9trang\u00e8res avaient d\u00e9j\u00e0 \u00e9t\u00e9 accept\u00e9es, dont l\u2019Am\u00e9ricaine Mary Putnam, la Russe Catherine Gontcharoff, et la Britannique Elizabeth Garrett.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Stagiaire_Mais_pas_interne\"><\/span>Stagiaire. Mais pas interne.<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>En <strong>1869<\/strong>, Madeleine Br\u00e8s devient stagiaire \u00e0 l\u2019h\u00f4pital de la Piti\u00e9, dans le service du professeur <strong>Paul Broca<\/strong>. Le nouveau doyen Vulpian s\u2019est oppos\u00e9 \u00e0 la mixit\u00e9 des cours, mais elle est accept\u00e9e malgr\u00e9 tout.<\/p>\n<p>En <strong>1870<\/strong>, la guerre \u00e9clate. Les internes sont envoy\u00e9s au front. Madeleine Br\u00e8s remplace les m\u00e9decins mobilis\u00e9s \u00e0 l\u2019h\u00f4pital de la Piti\u00e9 pendant le si\u00e8ge de Paris et la Commune. Les professeurs Broca et Wurtz saluent publiquement son travail.<\/p>\n<p>Quand elle demande \u00e0 se pr\u00e9senter au concours de l\u2019externat en 1871, c\u2019est non. Le directeur de l\u2019Assistance publique est explicite dans son refus : ce n\u2019est pas elle personnellement qui pose probl\u00e8me. C\u2019est le principe. L\u2019autoriser cr\u00e9erait un pr\u00e9c\u00e9dent, et d\u2019autres femmes pourraient alors pr\u00e9tendre aux m\u00eames droits. Les femmes n\u2019obtiendront le droit de concourir \u00e0 l\u2019externat qu\u2019en <strong>1882<\/strong>, et \u00e0 l\u2019internat qu\u2019en <strong>1886<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"La_these_du_3_juin_1875\"><\/span>La th\u00e8se du 3 juin 1875<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Parall\u00e8lement, Madeleine Br\u00e8s passe quatre ans au Mus\u00e9um d\u2019histoire naturelle et travaille dans le laboratoire du professeur Wurtz. Elle pr\u00e9pare une th\u00e8se intitul\u00e9e <em>De la mamelle et de l\u2019allaitement<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p>Elle y d\u00e9montre, par des analyses chimiques, que la composition du lait maternel se modifie au cours de l\u2019allaitement pour correspondre aux besoins de d\u00e9veloppement de l\u2019enfant. Sa th\u00e8se est remarqu\u00e9e en France et \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9tranger.<\/p>\n<p>Elle la soutient le <strong>3 juin 1875<\/strong>. Mention : <em>extr\u00eamement bien<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p>Mais \u00e0 l\u2019issue de la soutenance, le doyen Wurtz prend la parole et d\u00e9clare :<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>\u00abVotre th\u00e8se restera dans nos archives comme ouvrage scientifique, et permettez-moi de vous f\u00e9liciter de la d\u00e9licatesse que vous avez apport\u00e9e dans le choix de votre sujet. Votre r\u00f4le devra se borner \u00e0 la gu\u00e9rison des maladies des femmes et des enfants, et je vous f\u00e9licite de l\u2019avoir si bien compris.\u00bb<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>F\u00e9licitations pour le travail. Mais restez \u00e0 votre place.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Un_cabinet_une_revue_une_creche\"><\/span>Un cabinet, une revue, une cr\u00e8che<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Madeleine Br\u00e8s ouvre un cabinet de p\u00e9diatrie \u00e0 Paris. Pendant pr\u00e8s de quarante ans, elle re\u00e7oit des jeunes m\u00e8res, des ouvri\u00e8res, des femmes en difficult\u00e9. Le pr\u00e9fet de la Seine la missionne pour intervenir dans les \u00e9coles, les cr\u00e8ches et les garderies de la capitale.<\/p>\n<p>En <strong>1883<\/strong>, elle dirige une revue m\u00e9dicale intitul\u00e9e <em>L\u2019Hygi\u00e8ne de la femme et de l\u2019enfant<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p>En <strong>1885<\/strong>, elle finance sur ses propres fonds la cr\u00e9ation d\u2019une cr\u00e8che gratuite dans le quartier ouvrier des Batignolles \u00e0 Paris. Les enfants y sont accueillis jusqu\u2019\u00e0 3 ans. En <strong>1891<\/strong>, le minist\u00e8re de l\u2019Int\u00e9rieur la mandate pour \u00e9tudier le fonctionnement des cr\u00e8ches et asiles en Suisse.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Une_fin_de_vie_dans_la_misere\"><\/span>Une fin de vie dans la mis\u00e8re<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Madeleine Br\u00e8s finit sa vie presque aveugle et dans une profonde pauvret\u00e9. Elle sollicite un h\u00e9bergement aupr\u00e8s de l\u2019Assistance publique, la m\u00eame institution qui lui avait refus\u00e9 l\u2019internat. On lui propose un lit dans un dortoir commun. C\u2019est une association caritative qui lui verse finalement une petite rente jusqu\u2019\u00e0 sa mort.<\/p>\n<p>Elle meurt le <strong>30 novembre 1921<\/strong> \u00e0 Montrouge, \u00e0 79 ans.<\/p>\n<p>En <strong>2021<\/strong>, pour le centenaire de sa mort, La Poste \u00e9met un timbre \u00e0 son effigie. Des rues portent son nom \u00e0 Paris, Lille, Poitiers, Nantes, Besan\u00e7on, Bouillargues. Des cr\u00e8ches et \u00e9tablissements de soins portent son nom dans toute la France.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Ce_quelle_a_vraiment_ouvert\"><\/span>Ce qu\u2019elle a vraiment ouvert<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Madeleine Br\u00e8s n\u2019a pas obtenu le droit de concourir \u00e0 l\u2019internat. Elle a \u00e9t\u00e9 maintenue dans le p\u00e9rim\u00e8tre que les hommes lui avaient assign\u00e9 : les femmes, les enfants, la maternit\u00e9.<\/p>\n<p>Mais les femmes qui sont venues apr\u00e8s elle ont pu s\u2019appuyer sur le fait qu\u2019elle \u00e9tait pass\u00e9e. La premi\u00e8re externe des h\u00f4pitaux de Paris en 1882. La premi\u00e8re interne titulaire en 1900. La premi\u00e8re femme admise \u00e0 l\u2019Acad\u00e9mie de m\u00e9decine, en 1945. Chaque \u00e9tape rendait possible la suivante.<\/p>\n<p><em>Elle n\u2019a pas eu tout ce qu\u2019elle m\u00e9ritait. Mais ce qu\u2019elle a fait a compt\u00e9 pour toutes celles qui sont venues apr\u00e8s.<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Fille de charron, mariee a 15 ans, mere de trois enfants. En 1875, Madeleine Bres est<br \/>\ndevenue la premiere femme francaise docteur en medecine. Son histoire vraie.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":3190,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1600],"tags":[966,262,345,1025,965,967],"class_list":{"0":"post-3140","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-actualites-culture-et-curiosites","8":"tag-femmes","9":"tag-france","10":"tag-histoire","11":"tag-madeleine-bres","12":"tag-medecine","13":"tag-pionniere"},"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.5 (Yoast SEO v27.5) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Madeleine Bres : la premiere femme medecin de France (1875)<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"D\u00e9couvrez la vie et les r\u00e9alisations de Madeleine Br\u00e8s, la premi\u00e8re femme m\u00e9decin en France. 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